Multilinguals may be more likely to take a vaccine if they read about it in English: Words shape how we process feelings and make decisions

Welcome to this week’s edition of Discovery Dispatch, a weekly roundup of the latest language-related news, research in linguistics, interesting reads from the week, and newest books and other media dealing with language and linguistics.

🆕 New from Linguistic Discovery

This week’s content from Linguistic Discovery.

❄️ Inuit words for snow

One of the most infamous language tropes is the idea that Inuit languages have dozens or even hundreds of words for snow. Now, a new study uses data from 616 languages to claim that Inuit languages really do have disproportionately more words for snow than other languages.

But does this really matter?

In the latest issue of the newsletter, I explain the history of the “Inuit words for snow” myth, what this new study says about it, and whether language really does influence how we think in any meaningful way.

Do Inuit languages really have more words for snow? And why does it matter, anyway?

A new study shows that Inuit languages really do have more words for snow, but what does that tell us about language?

Linguistic DiscoveryDaniel W. Hieber, Ph.D.

📰 In the News

Language and linguistics in the news.

An inmate in the Arizona State Prison system decided to reconnect with his Welsh heritage by studying the Welsh language. Now he leads a group of inmates who are independently studying endangered, ancient, and vulnerable languages—Welsh, Brittonic, Assyrian, Old Norse, Taíno, Nahuatl, Guosa, and Interslavic.

• “I’ve never been so excited”: Inmate-led program preserves endangered languages behind bars (Tuscon Sentinel)

Black Country is an area of the West Midlands in England. The dialect there is often claimed to preserve Early Modern English or even Middle English. But is it in danger of disappearing?

Owhamya? Is the Black Country Dialect disappearing?

Are words and phrases from the Black Country dying out or here to stay?

BBC News

🗞️ Current Linguistics

Recently published research in linguistics.

Word meanings aren’t completely arbitrary

An increasing number of studies over the years have found that language is not entirely arbitrary. Some sounds correspond to certain semantic domains with greater-than-chance frequency. Here’s an article about a 2018 study showing that this is the case for intensifiers as well: the more difficult the intensifier is to pronounce, the stronger its semantic effect is.

Word Meanings Aren’t Completely Arbitrary

A centerpiece of the study of linguistics has been that the words we use are arbitrarily related to the concepts they refer to. But they aren’t completely arbitrary.

Psychology TodayArt Markman Ph.D.

• Bennett & Goodman. 2018. Extremely costly intensifiers are stronger than quite costly ones. Cognition 178: 147–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.05.011.

Dogs use two-word button combinations to communicate

In recent years, many dog and cat owners have started using soundboards with their pets—a set of customizable buttons which, when pressed, speak different words, in theory allowing these pets to communicate with their owners. A 2024 study finds that dogs trained to use these soundboards are in fact using their soundboards to create novel two-word combinations that go beyond random behavior or simple imitation of their owners.

Dogs Use Two-Word Button Combos to Communicate, Study Shows

Study from UC San Diego’s Comparative Cognition Lab shows that dogs trained to use soundboards to “talk” are capable of making two-word button combinations that go beyond random behavior or simple imitation of their owners.

UC San Diego HomepageInga Kiderra

Soundboard-trained dogs produce non-accidental, non-random and non-imitative two-button combinations - Scientific Reports

Scientific Reports - Soundboard-trained dogs produce non-accidental, non-random and non-imitative two-button combinations

NatureAmalia P. M. Bastos

Multilinguals may be more likely to take a vaccine if they read about it in English

A fascinating 2024 study shows that people may be more likely to take a vaccine if they read about it in English as opposed to other languages. The authors speculate that this could be due to the foreign language effect—where people tend to approach hypothetical problems in a more rational and less intuitive fashion when those problems are presented in a language that is not their native one.

Multilingual people may be more likely to take a vaccine if they read about it in English – new research

Previous research has shown that people tend to approach hypothetical problems in a more rational and less intuitive fashion when these are presented in a language that is not their native one.

The ConversationMonika Schmid

Words shape how our brains process feelings and guide decisions

On a related note to the above study, research from early 2025 finds that the same neurological systems which evolved to help us react to good or bad emotions may also help in the processing of emotion words.

Words shape how our brains process feelings and guide decisions

Explore how words activate brain processes that shape emotions, decisions, and behavior, revealing the hidden power of language.

Earth.comRodielon Putol

• Batten et al. 2025. Emotional words evoke region- and valence-specific patterns of concurrent neuromodulator release in human thalamus and cortex. Cell Reports 44(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115162.

📃 This Week’s Reads

Interesting articles I’ve come across this week.

Can AI decode undeciphered languages? It really depends on the size of the corpus, and whether there are bilingual texts or other context to provide the meanings of words. Absent that, no matter how advanced AI gets, it can never decipher ancient scripts. (Plus, if we had bilingual texts or sufficient context, we’d probably have deciphered them already.)

Can AI really decode dead languages? Or is it too late?

It might help. And deciphered writing is one of the few things that can build bridges for our thoughts across time.

Mind MattersNews

That article references another fascinating article from Aeon, which talks about the work of cryptology and the history of deciphering some of the most famous ancient scripts.

What it takes to be a glyph-breaker deciphering ancient languages | Aeon Essays

The heroic days of deciphering hieroglyphics and cuneiform make for great stories, but will we ever see that happen again?

Aeon Magazine

Speaking of dead languages, Colin Gorrie of the Dead Language Society newsletter has a great piece explaining how linguists are able to reconstruct ancient languages:

How to reconstruct dead languages

A step-by-step guide

Dead Language SocietyColin Gorrie

If you’ve ever struggled to understand the difference between idioma and lengua in Spanish, the Rosetta Stone blog has you covered:

Idioma or Lengua? Use ‘Language’ in Spanish the Right Way - Rosetta Stone

Do you know word for “language” in Spanish to use in various contexts and phrases? Know when to use idioma, lengua, or lenguaje just like a native speaker.

Rosetta StoneJamie Edwards

The linguistics of alliteration, from Michael Ferber in the Speaking of Words column:

Speaking of Words: All About Alliteration

Kissing cousins and wrack and ruin are both alliterative phrases, despite their spellings.

InDepthNH.orgMichael Ferber

Translanguaging is the use of linguistic resources from more than one language in a single discourse setting, in a way that crosses linguistic, political, or social boundaries. The term is meant to encompass a variety of phenomena, including code-switching and crossing. This article is an interview with one of the main progenitors of the concept, Ofelia García:

What is Translanguaging?

Many teachers of bilingual children practice translanguaging in the classroom. But what is it exactly and what are its linguistic and cognitive underpinnings?

Psychology TodayFrancois Grosjean Ph.D.

Why don’t we all speak the same language? There are 7,000 languages spoken on Earth. What are the costs — and benefits — of our modern-day Tower of Babel?

Why Don’t We All Speak the Same Language? - Freakonomics

Why Don’t We All Speak the Same Language? - Freakonomics

FreakonomicsStephen J. Dubner

Back in 2023 the New York Times had a fun online article allowing you to participate in a classic kiki/bouba experiment, and described some of the research around it:

Generative AI tools are trained on the languages of the internet, i.e. primarily English, Spanish, and Mandarin. This leaves pretty big gaps in how AI is being trained:

How language gaps constrain generative AI development | Brookings

Generative AI tools trained on internet data may widen the gap between those who speak a few data-rich languages and those who do not.

BrookingsSee More

📚 Books & Media

New (and old) books and media touching on language and linguistics.

I was reminded this week of a much older book by famous novelist Umberto Eco (author of The Name of the Rose) about the idea of a “perfect language” and how it has captivated European intellectuals for millennia. The book is called The search for a perfect language, and it’s one of his scholarly works:

That book also reminded me of another excellent book on a similar topic, In the land of invented languages: Adventures in linguistic creativity, madness, and genius, by Arika Okrent. Okrent also examines what exactly the philosophy, motivation, and mindset is of conlangers (people who create languages):

On that same topic, here are some older articles from Psychology Today about what conlangs can teach us about natural languages:

What Invented Languages Can Tell Us About Human Language

Invented languages like Game of Throne’s Dothraki, can be used as a way of thinking about deep questions in linguistics and psychology.

Psychology TodayDavid Adger Ph.D.

Invented Languages and the Science of the Mind

Constructed languages have been used in religion, ritual, art, and entertainment. They’re also being used in science to probe the structure of the mind.

Psychology TodayDavid Adger Ph.D.

🗃️ Resources

Maps, databases, lists, etc. on language and linguistics.

🔤 Wiktionary

Did you know that Wiktionary has transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet, often for multiple dialects and even with audio recordings, for most of its words? Such an incredibly useful resource:

Wiktionary

🎙️ Linguistics Podcasts

This is your reminder that the Linguistic Discovery website has a list of over 60 linguistics podcasts to explore!

• Linguistics Podcasts (Linguistic Discovery)

Thanks for reading this issue of the Linguistic Discovery digest! I hope you found something fun to read and learned something new. Have a great week!

~ Danny

🚫 Errata

Corrections and clarifications.

In my article on loanwords in Hawaiian, I erroneously stated that Australian English pronounces /t/s as glottal stops [ʔ] between vowels, as in the phrase “a bottle of water”. This is incorrect. This dialect feature is most famously associated with Cockney English, not Australian English.

Hawaiian only has 8 consonants—What happens when it borrows words with other sounds?

The Hawaiian language only has 8 consonants. So how does it deal with sounds in words borrowed from other languages?

Linguistic DiscoveryDaniel W. Hieber, Ph.D.