> ## Content Index
> Fetch the complete content index at: https://linguisticdiscovery.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further.

# Dictionary.com chooses “maxxing” as the Word of the Year
- URL: https://linguisticdiscovery.com/posts/2026-43/
- Published: 2026-10-31T09:00:00.000Z
- Updated: 2026-10-31T09:00:00.000Z
- Description: Also this week: Is AI changing how people talk? + Wikimedia documents endangered indigenous languages
- Author: Daniel W. Hieber, Ph.D.
- Tags: Current Linguistics

Welcome to this week’s edition of the *Linguistic Discovery* digest, a weekly roundup of the latest language-related news, research in linguistics, interesting reads from the week, and newest books and media on language and linguistics!

You're reading **Linguistic Discovery*, a weekly newsletter about the science and diversity of language—a field known as ****linguistics**. I'm Danny Hieber, a Ph.D. in linguistics who works with indigenous communities to help them document and revitalize their languages.  
  
Topics covered in this newsletter include:  
  
⚙️ how language works (cognitive/historical linguistics)  
🌍 grammatical diversity in the world’s languages (typology)  
ℹ️ explainers of terms and concepts in linguistics  
🗣️ language profiles  
🗞️ the latest news and research in language and linguistics  
⭐ linguistic reviews of books and other media  
  
Some posts are for paying subscribers only, but most are free. Paying subscribers get ****bonus articles** and ****early access** to my in-progress book projects!

Subscribe 

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**You can also subscribe on* [**Substack*](https://linguisticdiscovery.substack.com/) *if you prefer that platform instead. You’ll get all the same content and extras.*

## 📢 Updates & Announcements

*What’s new with me and Linguistic Discovery, and other announcements.*

### Language attitudes in the workplace

The way we speak, from formality and filler words to conversation styles and accents, shapes how customers, employees, and job candidates see us. I talk to Henry Lopez on *The How of Business* podcast about how small business owners can recognize those perceptions and communicate more effectively. (Note that this is an old interview, but Henry reposted it to his podcast recently so I thought I’d follow suit.)

[Episode R428: How Language Shapes Business PerceptionsHow language, accents, and communication styles shape the way customers, employees, and hires see you, with linguist Daniel Hieber.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/cropped-HOB-Favicon-v4-270x270-33db14d2-9646-43e7-b125-609c3a584760.png)The How of Business Podcast & ResourcesName \*![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/Daniel-2026-e1791803962700-a996f28f-b919-420b-a782-0d9637f65c47.png)](https://www.thehowofbusiness.com/r428-daniel-hieber-language-perception/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

### Greek loanwords in English

Here’s a shortform video I did as part of my collaboration with St. John’s College, about all the ways English borrowed words from Greek—either directly or indirectly.

[https://youtube.com/shorts/QnzLlVmVxm8](https://youtube.com/shorts/QnzLlVmVxm8?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

## 📰 In the News

*Language and linguistics in the news.*

### *‑maxxing* is [Dictionary.com](http://dictionary.com/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)’s Word of the Year

[Dictionary.com](http://dictionary.com/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com) has declared its Word of the Year for 2026: “‑maxxing”, referring to the practice of pursuing an activity to the fullest or optimizing a certain aspect of your life, such as:

- *looksmaxxing:* optimizing one’s physical appearance
- *tokenmaxxing:* using as many AI tokens at work as possible
- *nonnamaxxing:* bettering one’s life by adopting the habits of an Italian grandmother

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-21.png)

But it can also be used as an independent word, as in “Everyone is maxxing something. What’s yours?”

> The roots of *maxxing* ultimately go back to words like *maximum* and related verbs such as *maximize* and *max.* Along with these came words like *maxing*, as in “maxing out credit cards” or “maxing out at 120 mph.”

Now with two ⟨x⟩’s, *maxxing* itself and its associated concepts like *looksmaxxing* first arose on Reddit and other forums before spreading to social media.

Language influencer Adam Aleksic (@EtymologyNerd) traces the origin of *‑maxxing* to the extreme incel (involuntarily celebrate) community ([Aleksic 2025](https://app.notion.com/p/Aleksic-2025-40550a282bc1818e8191cee30e97a0ca?pvs=21&ref=linguisticdiscovery.com): Ch. 6), where one’s personal appearance is of enduring concern. The term was then popularized by influencer Clavicular as he chronicled his looksmaxxing journey. The broader internet community then appropriated it largely to mock the extremist obsession with one’s looks. This made it sufficiently humorous that it went viral and received broad uptake even among communities who were unaware of its origins. ([Dictionary.com](http://dictionary.com/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)’s announcement of their decision notably avoids this early history, which I suspect was a deliberate choice on the part of the editors to distance the reasons for their decision from the word’s sordid origins. Their decision was entirely linguistic in nature, based on the term’s massive uptick in usage \[shown above\].)

As with any new word or usage, it’s impossible to know how long the construction will stick around, but I suspect this one might have staying power. Check in with me in 2030 to see how well my prediction holds up.

Ironically, this year’s word has the opposite vibe from last year’s, which was *demure*.

[Dictionary.com’s 2026 Word of the Year Is… | Dictionary.comEvery year, Dictionary.com’s Word of the Year and short-listed nominees capture the trends in language and culture. The winner is one that feels especially relevant to our collective journey through the year, and that’s why Dictionary.com’s 2026 Word of the Year is maxxing. Maxxing is a word that refers to the practice of pursuing an \[…\]![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/dcom-favicon-512-ixIH81Na-7a26a8ca-a33a-457a-885c-c7b83942d81b.png)Dictionary.com![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/WOTY_2026_new_1920x1080-1024x576-9a12e8e0-9df3-4845-b654-9122443e5c5b.webp)](https://www.dictionary.com/articles/word-of-the-year-2026?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

[Maxxing selected as Dictionary.com word of the year"Whatever we're doing, we want to push it further," said an expert on why Americans are embracing the term, which is short for maximising.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/favicon-32x32-36aab007-f986-4adb-8fc0-9c8e8705e677.png)BBC NewsAna Faguy![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/90fce170-d165-11f1-87df-afb7a168a1f2-1a80ff47-0e60-4698-8e56-fc1095bf12a4.jpg)](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cmy4xwp22xyqo?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

### WikiKathā documents 9 endangered indigenous languages in Indonesia

Indigenous youth spent August 2025 to May 2026 paired with native speakers across the archipelago, recording vocabulary word by word and entering it into Indonesian Wiktionary. WikiKathā, a Wikimedia Indonesia project with the Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago, recorded 13,444 lemmas (dictionary entries) across nine languages.

[Preserving Indigenous Stories and Voices: WikiKathā Documented Nine Endangered Indigenous Languages in IndonesiaAmid rapid modernization and development that frequently displace indigenous communities, many regional languages in Indonesia find themselves increasingly marginalized. Responding to the threat fa…![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/cropped-1024px-Wikimedia-logo.svg_-cba2cb27-0ad4-44dd-b89f-4b5808eb9e11.png)DiffHarditaher WMID![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/WikiKatha_bahasa_Balik_27-08-2025_19-1-f1866822-9c8c-4efe-bf52-c9c50154df6d.jpg)](https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/09/30/preserving-indigenous-stories-and-voices-wikikatha-documented-nine-endangered-indigenous-languages-in-indonesia/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

## 🗞️ Current Linguistics

*Recently published research in linguistics.*

### Is AI changing how people talk?

A recent study examines how people and ChatGPT adjust their language to match each other—a pattern typical of conversations between humans, who naturally mirror their partners. This is called **linguistic accommodation**. The research found that while both people and ChatGPT mimic each other, AI does it a lot more, but humans also did it more than expected.

[Are bots changing how people talk? Language in the age of AIA Facebook post about your trip to Peru. An Amazon review of a new toaster oven. An email to the super about the inflatable reindeer blocking the hallway. You phrase and rephrase things all day without thinking that anyone—or anything—is putting words in your mouth. But what happens when AI joins the conversation? Are chatbots changing the way you write, talk and interact with others?![](https://static.ghost.org/v5.0.0/images/link-icon.svg)Phys.orgNortheastern University![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/chatgpt-2-3a8c33ac-7088-4f0e-ba7b-f61fe3e74fee.jpg)](https://phys.org/news/2026-09-bots-people-language-age-ai.html?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

- Blevins. 2026\. Accommodation goes both ways: Studying linguistic convergence between humans and language models. *arXiv*. DOI: [https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29278](https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.29278?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com).

### Toddlers start learning overheard words at age two

In a recent study, 79 English-learning children were tested on their vocabulary at 18, 24 and 30 months. Only the two-year-olds recognized words they mainly hear in adult conversation—words like *pot*, *salad*, and *charger*—while the 18-month-olds did not. The authors say the younger group’s miss surprised them, since lab work had already shown 18-month-olds can learn by overhearing. The researchers attribute this difference to interference from ambient noise in the environment.

[Overheard adult speech shapes word learning in young childrenOverhearable speech (speech that may occur when caregivers are talking to each other in the child's presence), constitutes over half of children's language exposure, but its role in language development remains underexplored.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/favicon-96x96-8ce97e87-6e7a-45e6-8686-c6973fbd7358.png)News-MedicalSociety for Research in Child DevelopmentSep 23 2026Reviewed![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/TagImage-3347-458389964760995353448-620x480-f1e4960c-f407-45dd-8a87-fdf080df8bdc.jpg)](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20260923/Overheard-adult-speech-shapes-word-learning-in-young-children.aspx?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

If you want to learn more about the way that adults’ speech influences child language development, check out my series of articles on baby talk:

[Why you should be talking to your infantEarly exposure to language is crucial for your child’s long-term linguistic development![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/languages-bordered-c18b9806-014e-4696-b0f8-dd3bd979f61a.png)Linguistic DiscoveryDaniel W. Hieber, Ph.D.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/banner-364c4f08-d03b-47ce-a5da-68a8cc2a7771.png)](https://linguisticdiscovery.com/posts/baby-talk-1/)

## 📃 This Week’s Reads

*Interesting articles I’ve come across this week.*

Reduplication is a widespread linguistic process in which a part of an exact copy of a word is repeated, often for morphological or syntactic reasons (but not always):

[The Nitty-Gritty on Reduplication: So Good, You Have to Say it Twice. - JSTOR DailyReduplication is a widespread linguistic process in which a part or an exact copy of a word is repeated, often for morphological or syntactic reasons (but not always).![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/JSTOR_Daily_logo_square-copy-300x300-b41785c3-fc49-412a-849f-8c6763254800.jpg)JSTOR DailyChi Luu![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/salad_salad_1050x700-79a6ce63-3687-4c31-9992-b3fecb71de7e.jpg)](https://daily.jstor.org/the-nitty-gritty-on-reduplication-so-good-you-have-to-say-it-twice/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

Linguist Jessica Coon, who consulted with the filmmakers for every linguist’s favorite movie, *Arrival*, sits down for an interview about linguistics and what the movie got right and wrong:

[The Smartest Sci-Fi Movie on Amazon Promotes an Outdated Scientific Theory"Arrival" provides one of the smartest first contact narratives — but its underlying linguistic principle isn't widely accepted any more.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/favicon-c533c15f-e0e4-4357-bde0-baf0f88eda2a.png)InverseKiona Smith![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/a0374d70-10b0-4764-bc89-89fc0b7ebbc9-reelscience_arrival_header-8c62de56-5202-40a2-ad94-7055a6b37937.jpg)](https://www.inverse.com/science/reel-science-arrival?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

What links an Austrian archduke to a Hungarian bookbinder, and an American railway magnate? A 17th century dictionary from Mexico, of course:

[Four cities and a dictionary: The fascinating journey of a P'urhepecha manuscriptWhat links an Austrian archduke to a Hungarian bookbinder, and an American railway magnate? A 17th century dictionary from Mexico, of course. Sit back, relax, and allow Kate Bellamy, postdoctoral researcher at LUCL, to explain.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/favicon-9a70eae3-198c-4403-9d65-e38ecd1f613b.ico)Leiden Language BlogKate Bellamy![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/header-d38273f3-e265-4d68-9d4c-6970036e7a6c.webp)](https://www.leidenlanguageblog.nl/articles/four-cities-and-a-dictionary-the-fascinating-journey-of-a-purhepecha-manuscript?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

Additional reads for your week:

[How the Unabomber’s unique linguistic fingerprints led to his captureSimilar techniques used to identify criminals have been employed to unmask anonymous authors. But they aren’t foolproof.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/web-app-logo-192x192-2d05bdd6de6328146de80245d4685946-f6854184-401f-4e98-8a63-04ed2e82b9ab.png)The ConversationRoger J. Kreuz![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/file-20230614-19-yvo44e-f2870b20-692d-484f-aff6-217ca3f89408.jpg)](https://theconversation.com/how-the-unabombers-unique-linguistic-fingerprints-led-to-his-capture-207681?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

[Did the Romans Like Swearing?It is one of the great incongruities of the English language that, despite being one of the most versatile and malleable forms of linguistic communication among the world's great tongues, it is also, at times, downright baffling.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/https-3A-2F-2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com-2Fpublic-2Fimages-2F3ad6c994-9083-40b6-91ec-60d0ebf05c96-2Ffavicon-48x48-1c9089c8-8807-47af-a283-1084abbbaeb3.jpg)Potentially Interesting Roman HistoryJames Coverley![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/https-3A-2F-2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com-2Fpublic-2Fimages-2Fc0109ac6-c091-464e-b0c2-e2c0cd703020_832x466-d7ae3153-5280-4495-b057-e0f06ed61eb6.jpg)](https://jamescoverley.substack.com/p/did-the-romans-like-swearing)

## 📚 Books & Media

*New (and old) books and media touching on language and linguistics.*

### *Into the Words: An etymologist’s field guide to plants, animals, and nature*

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-22.png)

[Amazon](https://link.amazon/B068fsBQ4?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com) | [Bookshop](https://bookshop.org/a/110785/9781399821223?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

Jess Zafarris has a new book releasing in November: an etymological guide to plants, animals, and nature! Jess was kind enough to send me an early review copy. I love how the book organizes discussions into different topics, such as “How nature gets its names”, “Your backyard biome”, or “Stories of the savanna and grasslands”. The result is that the book is an exploration of various themes and ideas in the etymology of nature terms, in addition to a trove of fun standalone facts. It’s also beautifully illustrated (pictures below) by her sister, Melissa Farris. And of course Jess writes with all her usual wit, playfulness, and passion that makes her books a joy to read. Grab your own copy at the links below.

- [Amazon](https://link.amazon/B068fsBQ4?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)
- [Bookshop](https://bookshop.org/a/110785/9781399821223?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-2-1.png)

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-23.png)

### *Proto* in paperback

### 

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-24.png)

[Amazon](https://amzn.to/4lBs3Uo?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com) | [Bookshop](https://bookshop.org/a/110785/9781639732586?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

Laura Spinney’s excellent book, *Proto: How one ancient language went global* ([Amazon](https://amzn.to/4lBs3Uo?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com) | [Bookshop](https://bookshop.org/a/110785/9781639732586?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)) is now available in paperback:

- [Amazon](https://amzn.to/4lBs3Uo?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)
- [Bookshop](https://bookshop.org/a/110785/9781639732586?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

The book traces how a single language—Proto-Indo-European—eventually spread throughout the world. Here’s the publisher’s blurb:

> Daughter. Duhitár-. Dustr. Dukte. Listen to these English, Sanskrit, Armenian and Lithuanian words, all meaning the same thing, and you hear echoes of one of history's most unlikely journeys. All four languages-along with hundreds of others, from French and Gaelic, to Persian and Polish-trace their origins to an ancient tongue spoken as the last ice age receded. This language, which we call Proto-Indo-European, was born between Europe and Asia and exploded out of its cradle, fragmenting as it spread east and west. Its last speaker died thousands of years ago, yet Proto-Indo-European lives on in its myriad linguistic offspring and in some of our best loved works of literature, including Dante's Inferno and the Rig Veda, The Lord of the Rings and the love poetry of Rumi. How did this happen?  
>  
> Acclaimed journalist Laura Spinney set out to answer that question, retracing the Indo-European odyssey across continents and millennia. With her we retrace the epic journeys of nomads and monks, warriors and kings – the ancient peoples who carried these languages far and wide. In the present, Spinney meets the scientists on a thrilling mission to retrieve the lost languages and their speakers: the linguists, archaeologists and geneticists who have reconstructed that ancient diaspora. What they have learned has profound implications for our modern world as people and their languages are on the move again.

## 🗃️ Resources

*Maps, databases, lists, etc. on language and linguistics.*

### Etymon

Etymon is a daily etymology puzzle, where each day one English word is hidden behind six clues drawn from its etymological history. Each clue narrows the field, moving from era and origin through linguistic path, literal meaning, cognates, historical or geographic context, and worth length towards the answer. The goal is to solve the puzzle in as few clues as possible. Subscribe to get a daily puzzle here!

[Etymon | SubstackGet a new etymology puzzle 🧩 every day 🗓️, straight to your inbox 📩. Six clues 🤔 uncover 🔎 the hidden histories 🏛️ of English words 📚. Click to read Etymon, a Substack publication.![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/https-3A-2F-2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com-2Fpublic-2Fimages-2F3b788afa-5a0e-4921-99a1-5161584a8ab2-2Ffavicon-48x48-f80c7e93-be2d-439e-9dcb-0edfea0a9f1c.png)SubstackEtymon![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/thumbnail/https-3A-2F-2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com-2Fpublic-2Fimages-2Fb97aa697-2c85-4d04-ac50-c139f06ee91d_1280x1280-ffd87664-59c8-4496-bcf9-6372f6ea203a.png)](https://etymonpuzzle.com/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

### Glottography: A map of the world’s languages

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-25.png)

Glottography is a new database that documents more than 10,000 language areas, past and present.

Glottography is an open-access platform that compiles and digitises data on the geographic distribution of languages from academic sources, transforming published maps into accessible digital geographic information. It provides a systematic resource for exploring where languages were and are spoken around the world, making it possible to investigate linguistic diversity across both space and time. To build this resource, hundreds of language maps from the scientific literature, many previously available only in print, were digitised and their language areas were linked to Glottocodes. Glottography allows multiple representations of the same language area, reflecting the fact that language boundaries can be subjective and contested. Its flexible framework also allows new areas to be added as new data and interpretations become available. Users can explore the dataset through an interactive web map at [https://www.glottography.org/](https://www.glottography.org/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com).

Glottography’s significance goes beyond simply showing where languages are or were spoken. By documenting the geographic distribution of languages, both past and present, Glottography provides a comprehensive digital record of linguistic diversity across time and space. The resource is developed and maintained by researchers at the University of Zurich, in collaboration with colleagues at Utrecht University, Leiden University, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, and the University of Turku. The project and its findings are described in the research article “Glottography: an open-source geolinguistic data platform for mapping the world’s languages”, published in the Journal of Open Humanities Data.

[Glottography![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/icon/glottography-mark-CImZJJ4t-65b76092-f1a7-4375-8554-bcc3cd7be7a1.png)](https://www.glottography.org/?ref=linguisticdiscovery.com)

## 👋🏼 Till next week!

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/c7/75/c775a216-7ca2-4c5f-96a7-f2defe0fd756/content/images/2026/10/image-26.png)

📚

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