The etymology of "love"

The Proto-Indo-European language had a word *leubʰ- 'love, care, desire', and today I'm going to tell you all the ways this word has come down to us in English 6,000 years later—a kind of "reverse etymology".

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The first reflex (descendant) of *leubʰ- in this list comes via Latin. In the Italic branch of Indo-European, *leubʰ- developed into the Latin word libēre 'to please' and the derived noun libīdō 'desire'. As you can guess, that noun was then borrowed into English at the turn of the 1900s as the word libido.

In the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family, however, the word took on a new meaning: Proto-Germanic *laubo 'permission'. This is a great example of how the meanings of words can sometimes shift from one stage of an action to another, or from one concept to something closely related. In this case, if you desire something, you may be looking for permission to do or acquire it, and so the meaning of the word expanded to include not just 'desire' but also 'permission'. This word then evolved into the Old English lēaf, which became Modern English leave, as in, "to take one's leave". (This sense of leave is unrelated to the sense of 'to go away'; the two words just happen to be homonyms.)

There was also a prefixed form of that Old English word: belēfan 'to give leave or permission to', or perhaps literally 'to hold dear' (possibly retaining some of the original meaning from Proto-Indo-European), and that led to the Modern English believe.

The Proto-Germanic word *laubo 'permission' was also inherited by Dutch and appears in the prefixed word verlof 'permission', literally 'for-leave'. In the 1600s the Dutch word was borrowed into English and the final /f/ sound was lost, yielding Modern English furlough.

Lastly, that Proto-Indo-European root *leubʰ- didn't only change its meaning to 'permission' in Proto-Germanic. It also kept its original meaning 'love' in the form *lubō. In Old English *lubō became lufu, and that evolved into the word love.

Happy Valentine's Day! 💜

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📑 Sources

• The Oxford dictionary of word origins (Amazon | Bookshop.org)
• The Chambers dictionary of etymology (Amazon | Bookshop.org)
• The American Heritage dictionary of Indo-European roots (Amazon | Bookshop.org)